Daves Hot Chicken Canada. FOLLOW US. Home; Menu; Locations; Our Story; Contact Us; Join Dave’s 2. Bolton's Spicy Chicken & Fish. Bolton's boasts an impressive pedigree: per the Nashville Scene, owner Bolton Mathews is the nephew of the late Bolton Polk, who used to work in the original Nashville hot chicken joint, Prince's (more about them soon).The founders of Dave’s Hot chicken seemed to time things perfectly with their 2017 start, when four friends put in $900 total to buy a portable fryer and initial supplies, and set up in an East Hollywood California parking lot! With such a small space to start with, they kept to a small menu… which still carries through today even after ...20 oz. Sprite. $3.39 220 Cals. Street food sensation turned fast-casual hit, Dave’s Hot Chicken brings the heat. Specializing in Nashville-style hot chicken and serving tenders & sliders that are juicy, tender, and seriously addictive.Cauli Dave's #3: 1 Cauli Tender & 1 Cauli Slider w/ Fries. Cauliflower Sliders are served on a potato bun with kale slaw, pickles and drizzled with Dave's sauce & all Cauli Tenders are served with sliced bread, pickles and a side of Dave's sauce. $17.49.Dave's Hot Chicken - Brooklyn, NY - 7th Ave. 311 7th Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11215. (347) 428-0071Dave’s Hot Chicken - Plano, TX - Frisco Area. 8315 Preston Rd., Suite 400 Plano, TX 75024. (469) 825-4933 Daves Hot Chicken Canada. FOLLOW US. Home; Menu; Locations; Our Story; Contact Us; Join Dave’s Dave's Hot Chicken is a restaurant located in Qatar, serving a selection of American, Burgers, Milkshakes that delivers across Al Waab and Lusail. Their best selling dishes are Dave 1 and Single Tender, although they have a variety of dishes and meals to choose from like American, Burgers, Milkshakes. They have been reviewed 5925 times by ...Dave's Hot Chicken - Dublin, CA - Tassajara Rd. 4550-A Tassajara Rd., Dublin, CA 94568. (925) 574-5660Dave’s Hot Chicken - Toronto, Ontario - Midtown. Midtown: 2066 Yonge Street, Toronto, Ontario M4S2A3 (416) 792-3283. Hours: Sun-Thu: 11:00am-11:00pm; Fri & Sat: 11:00am-12:00am; LATE NIGHT HOURS (Fri & Sat): 12:00am - 3:00am (Curbside & Online Only) ORDER NOW Toronto Midtown. DIRECTIONS Toronto Midtown Canada Site. Press:Specialties: Dave's Hot Chicken was created by best friends Dave Kopushyan, Arman Oganesyan, and Tommy and Gary Rubenyan. Dave, a chef trained in Thomas Keller's (French Laundry) organization set out to create the perfect Hot Chicken by searching, tasting, and frying. The four friends scrounged up $900 to put a tiny stand in an East …Find out what works well at Dave's Hot Chicken from the people who know best. Get the inside scoop on jobs, salaries, top office locations, and CEO insights. Compare pay for popular roles and read about the team’s work-life balance. Uncover why Dave's Hot Chicken is the best company for you.Specialties: Dave's Hot Chicken was created by best friends Dave Kopushyan, Arman Oganesyan, and Tommy and Gary Rubenyan. Dave, a chef trained in Thomas Keller's (French Laundry) organization set out to create the perfect Hot Chicken by searching, tasting, and frying. The four friends scrounged up $900 to put a tiny stand in …In 2022, Dave's Hot Chicken was named the fastest growing chain in the US. The concept was founded in 2017 by stand-up comedian Arman Oganesyan, Dave Kopushyan and brothers Tommy and Gary Rubenyan ...Jan 23, 2023 · Dave’s Hot Chicken is one of the fastest-growing restaurant chains right now, and perhaps one of the fastest-growing chains in history.It recently opened its 100th location in under five years, a fairly astounding acceleration in growth. The lite-mild and mild seasonings were the perfect complement to the cauliflower. I got a tad bit of heat, but the spices weren't hot enough to overpower the distinct flavor of the cauliflower ... Large Vanilla Shake. $4.99 740 Cals. Street food sensation turned fast-casual hit, Dave’s Hot Chicken brings the heat. Specializing in Nashville-style hot chicken and serving tenders & sliders that are juicy, tender, and seriously addictive. Specialties: Dave's Hot Chicken was created by best friends Dave Kopushyan, Arman Oganesyan, and Tommy and Gary Rubenyan. Dave, a chef trained in Thomas Keller's (French Laundry) organization set out to create the perfect Hot Chicken by searching, tasting, and frying. The four friends scrounged up $900 to put a tiny stand in an East Hollywood parking lot. The menu was simple, and chicken was ... Specialties: Dave's Hot Chicken was created by best friends Dave Kopushyan, Arman Oganesyan, and Tommy and Gary Rubenyan. Dave, a chef trained in Thomas Keller's (French Laundry) organization set out to create the perfect Hot Chicken by searching, tasting, and frying. The four friends scrounged up $900 to put a tiny stand in an East …California restaurant Dave’s Hot Chicken is opening its first Clark County location in Hazel Dell later this year.. The restaurant, opening as early as June, is set to take over 3,000 square ...Large Vanilla Shake. $4.99 740 Cals. Street food sensation turned fast-casual hit, Dave’s Hot Chicken brings the heat. Specializing in Nashville-style hot chicken and serving tenders & sliders that are juicy, tender, and seriously addictive.Dave's Hot Chicken - Seattle, WA - E. Pike St. 1200 E. Pike Street, Suite No. 2 Seattle, WA 98122 (206) 813-2924. Hours: Sun-Thur: 10am to 1am; Fri & Sat: 10am to 3am . ORDER NOW - Seattle, WA. DIRECTIONS - Seattle, WAWritten By: Jeremy Williams. Published Date: April 19, 2024. Jump to Recipe. Dave’s Hot Chicken Sauce, or Dave’s Sauce. A delightfully tasty, rich, creamy and …Dave's Hot Chicken - Yuma, AZ - S. Yuma Palms Pkwy. 1525 S Yuma Palms Pkwy Yuma, AZ 85365. (928) 459-6477Specialties: Dave's Hot Chicken was created by best friends Dave Kopushyan, Arman Oganesyan, and Tommy and Gary Rubenyan. Dave, a chef trained in Thomas Keller's (French Laundry) organization set out to create the perfect Hot Chicken by searching, tasting, and frying. The four friends scrounged up $900 to put a tiny stand in …Dave’s Hot Chicken Omaha, NE - N. Saddle Creek Rd. 335 N. Saddle Creek Road, Omaha, NE 68131. (531) 375-2410Our most recent deal was a corner drive-thru with Dave’s Hot Chicken @ Lakewood Center, getting a deal signed through the early stages of COVID was tough, but working through Dannon every step ...Dave's Hot Chicken Recipe. Comments. Ingredients. 1. For fried chicken. Bone-in chicken — 3 to 4 lbs. Dill pickle juice — 1 ¼ cup. Sugar — 3 tbsp. Hot sauce — …Dave’s Hot Chicken - Plano, TX - Frisco Area. 8315 Preston Rd., Suite 400 Plano, TX 75024. (469) 825-4933Dave’s Hot Chicken Omaha, NE - N. Saddle Creek Rd. 335 N. Saddle Creek Road, Omaha, NE 68131. (531) 375-2410 Large Vanilla Shake. $4.99 740 Cals. Street food sensation turned fast-casual hit, Dave’s Hot Chicken brings the heat. Specializing in Nashville-style hot chicken and serving tenders & sliders that are juicy, tender, and seriously addictive. The investors behind Blaze Pizza are pivoting to fried chicken. A group including Maria Shriver, Boston Red Sox Chairman Tom Werner, actor Samuel L. Jackson and TV personality Michael Strahan are ...Dave’s Hot Chicken was created by best friends Dave Kopushyan, Arman Oganesyan, and Tommy and Gary Rubenyan. Dave, a chef trained in Thomas Keller’s (French Laundry) organization set out to create the perfect Hot Chicken by searching, tasting, and frying. The four friends scrounged up $900 to put a tiny stand in an East …Dave's Hot Chicken - Seattle, WA - E. Pike St. 1200 E. Pike Street, Suite No. 2 Seattle, WA 98122 (206) 813-2924. Hours: Sun-Thur: 10am to 1am; Fri & Sat: 10am to 3am . ORDER NOW - Seattle, WA. DIRECTIONS - Seattle, WALarge Vanilla Shake. $4.99 740 Cals. Street food sensation turned fast-casual hit, Dave’s Hot Chicken brings the heat. Specializing in Nashville-style hot chicken and serving tenders & sliders that are juicy, tender, and seriously addictive.The Manhattan location, which officially opens to the public today, is a small space with graffiti-style art on the walls. The menu is also small, with only three combos: two tenders, two sliders ...The sandwich isn't too hot, but the single strip is pretty dang hot. I've had hotter, but for how much heat there was it tastes great! Dave's is weak af. The reaper coated chicken is nowhere near spicy enough to truly deserve needing to sign a waiver and it's not even tasty either. Well it makes most people sweat.Sarah Gardner. By David Klein / Oct. 13, 2021 2:27 pm EST. Nashville-style hot chicken is a bona fide national food sensation and Los Angeles is the epicenter of its expansion beyond Music City. Chef … 4.3 miles away from Dave's Hot Chicken Local family-owned Pizzeria part of great franchise, with a focus on taste and variety. With locally sourced ingredients and premium quality GMO-Free meat, our menu is filled with VEGAN, Gluten-free and fusion of Indian twist like… read more Dave's Hot Chicken, the Nashville-style hot chicken chain that has taken the world by storm in recent years, hopes to further expand its following by offering some new meatless menu items for a limited time. Rolled out at select locations last year, the line of vegetarian options, cleverly named Dave's NOT Chicken, includes Dave's Hot Chicken …Dave’s Hot Chicken, which started out as a parking lot pop-up in Los Angeles, and led to an investment by the group who runs Blaze Pizza, was primed to become a franchising success story ...Dave’s Hot Chicken, which started out as a parking lot pop-up in Los Angeles, and led to an investment by the group who runs Blaze Pizza, was primed to become a franchising success story ...Dave's Hot Chicken. Glassdoor gives you an inside look at what it's like to work at Dave's Hot Chicken, including salaries, reviews, office photos, and more. This is the Dave's Hot Chicken company profile. All content is posted anonymously by employees working at Dave's Hot Chicken. See what employees say it's like to work at Dave's Hot Chicken. Dave's Hot Chicken was created by best friends Dave Kopushyan, Arman Oganesyan, and Tommy and Gary Rubenyan. Dave, a chef trained in Thomas Keller's (French Laundry) organization set out to create the perfect Hot Chicken by searching, tasting, and frying. The four friends scrounged up $900 to put a tiny stand in an East Hollywood parking lot. Large Vanilla Shake. $4.99 740 Cals. Street food sensation turned fast-casual hit, Dave’s Hot Chicken brings the heat. Specializing in Nashville-style hot chicken and serving tenders & sliders that are juicy, tender, and seriously addictive.Nancy Luna/Insider. Dave's Hot Chicken was named the fastest-growing chain in the US last year. In 2023, the chain is on track to launch up to 75 locations. It opened its first store in...OPENING ON Friday, 10/6! 👉🏻 ( 1286 Interquest Pkwy. Ste 190, Colorado. Dave’s Hot Chicken (@daveshotchicken) on TikTok | 8.4M Likes. 1.6M Followers. 👇Find Your Closest Dave’s👇.Watch the latest video from Dave’s Hot Chicken (@daveshotchicken).Large Vanilla Shake. $4.99 740 Cals. Street food sensation turned fast-casual hit, Dave’s Hot Chicken brings the heat. Specializing in Nashville-style hot chicken and serving tenders & sliders that are juicy, tender, and seriously addictive. Dave's Hot Chicken was created by best friends Dave Kopushyan, Arman Oganesyan, and Tommy and Gary Rubenyan. Dave, a chef trained in Thomas Keller's (French Laundry) organization set out to create the perfect Hot Chicken by searching, tasting, and frying. The four friends scrounged up $900 to put a tiny stand in an East Hollywood parking lot. Dave’s Hot Chicken - Oklahoma City, OK - Johnny Bench Dr. 208 Johnny Bench Dr., Oklahoma City, OK 73104. (405) 563-9158 Dave's Hot Chicken - Ocean Township, NJ - State Route 66. 2311 State Route 66 Suite 5, Ocean Township, NJ 07712. (732) 361-2025 The only thing Dave's Hot Chicken has going for it is the chicken and the sauce. The chicken is always moist and the sauce is tasty, but the sides are lacking flavor and overall, Dave's is a little overrated. The service is fine and the dining room is fairly clean, but it's easier to go through the drive thru. Dave's Hot Chicken - Richardson, TX - E. Belt Line Rd. 1545 E Belt Line Rd, Richardson, TX 75081. Hours: Mon-Sun: 11am to 11pmDave's Hot Chicken - Chelmsford, MA - Drum Hill Rd. 40 Drum Hill Rd., Chelmsford, MA 01824. (351) 221-7003 4.3 miles away from Dave's Hot Chicken Local family-owned Pizzeria part of great franchise, with a focus on taste and variety. With locally sourced ingredients and premium quality GMO-Free meat, our menu is filled with VEGAN, Gluten-free and fusion of Indian twist like… read more Dave’s Hot Chicken - New York, NY - 8th Ave. 944 8th Avenue, New York, NY 10019. (332) 999-1825Large Vanilla Shake. $4.99 740 Cals. Street food sensation turned fast-casual hit, Dave’s Hot Chicken brings the heat. Specializing in Nashville-style hot chicken and serving tenders & sliders that are juicy, tender, and seriously addictive. Dave's Hot Chicken was created by best friends Dave Kopushyan, Arman Oganesyan, and Tommy and Gary Rubenyan. Dave, a chef trained in Thomas Keller's (French Laundry) organization set out to create the perfect Hot Chicken by searching, tasting, and frying. The four friends scrounged up $900 to put a tiny stand in an East Hollywood parking lot. Large Vanilla Shake. $4.99 740 Cals. Street food sensation turned fast-casual hit, Dave’s Hot Chicken brings the heat. Specializing in Nashville-style hot chicken and serving tenders & sliders that are juicy, tender, and seriously addictive. Dave's Hot Chicken prices vary by location. To view the most up to date prices, check out your local Dave's Hot Chicken restaurant on Grubhub. 3) Can I get $0 delivery for Dave's Hot Chicken? Dave’s Hot Chicken - New York, NY - 8th Ave. 944 8th Avenue, New York, NY 10019. (332) 999-1825 Large Vanilla Shake. $4.99 740 Cals. Street food sensation turned fast-casual hit, Dave’s Hot Chicken brings the heat. Specializing in Nashville-style hot chicken and serving tenders & sliders that are juicy, tender, and seriously addictive. Large Vanilla Shake. $4.99 740 Cals. Street food sensation turned fast-casual hit, Dave’s Hot Chicken brings the heat. Specializing in Nashville-style hot chicken and serving tenders & sliders that are juicy, tender, and seriously addictive. Dave's Hot Chicken - Yuma, AZ - S. Yuma Palms Pkwy. 1525 S Yuma Palms Pkwy Yuma, AZ 85365. (928) 459-6477Dave's Hot Chicken - Seattle, WA - E. Pike St. 1200 E. Pike Street, Suite No. 2 Seattle, WA 98122 (206) 813-2924. Hours: Sun-Thur: 10am to 1am; Fri & Sat: 10am to 3am . ORDER NOW - Seattle, WA. DIRECTIONS - Seattle, WALarge Vanilla Shake. $4.99 740 Cals. Street food sensation turned fast-casual hit, Dave’s Hot Chicken brings the heat. Specializing in Nashville-style hot chicken and serving tenders & sliders that are juicy, tender, and seriously addictive. Large Vanilla Shake. $7.49 1168 Cals. Street food sensation turned fast-casual hit, Dave’s Hot Chicken brings the heat. Specializing in Nashville-style hot chicken and serving tenders & sliders that are juicy, tender, and seriously addictive. Large Vanilla Shake. $4.99 740 Cals. Street food sensation turned fast-casual hit, Dave’s Hot Chicken brings the heat. Specializing in Nashville-style hot chicken and serving tenders & sliders that are juicy, tender, and seriously addictive.Dave, a chef trained at Thomas Keller’s (French Laundry) organization set out to create the perfect Hot Chicken by searching, tasting, and frying. The four friends scrounged up $900 to put a ...Dave's Hot Chicken - Waco, TX - Jack Kultgen Fwy. 4017 Jack Kultgen Fwy, Waco, TX 76706. (254) 301-0198A man has died after being stabbed inside of the Dave's Hot Chicken restaurant in the Belmont Shore neighborhood of Long Beach. The incident happened just after 1 a.m. at the restaurant in the ...Dave’s Hot Chicken - New York, NY - 8th Ave. 944 8th Avenue, New York, NY 10019. (332) 999-1825Daves Hot Chicken Cauliflower provides a tasty and cruelty-free alternative for those looking to reduce their consumption of meat or explore more plant-based options. In addition to being animal product-free, Daves Hot Chicken Cauliflower also offers several health benefits. Cauliflower is a nutrient-rich vegetable that is low in calories and ...Dave's Hot Chicken - Santa Maria, CA - Betteravia Rd. 232 E. Betteravia Rd., Santa Maria, CA 93454. (805) 203-9157Large Vanilla Shake. $8.49 1168 Cals. Street food sensation turned fast-casual hit, Dave’s Hot Chicken brings the heat. Specializing in Nashville-style hot chicken and serving tenders & sliders that are juicy, tender, and seriously addictive.Dave's Hot Chicken. @DavesHotChickenOfficial ‧. 63.8K subscribers ‧ 25 videos. Dave’s Hot Chicken was created by best friends Dave Kopushyan, Arman Oganesyan, and … Large Vanilla Shake. $4.99 740 Cals. Street food sensation turned fast-casual hit, Dave’s Hot Chicken brings the heat. Specializing in Nashville-style hot chicken and serving tenders & sliders that are juicy, tender, and seriously addictive. Dave’s Hot Chicken - Nutritional Information. Figured I’d share this since I was having a hard time finding a breakdown of everything. ... Thought to myself hey 1400 calories isn’t bad, then I remembered I downed 3 cups of Dave’s sauce too lol Reply reply Dave's Hot Chicken - Mechanicsburg, PA - Carlisle Pike. 6040 Carlisle Pike, Mechanicsburg, PA 17050 (223) 285-6201. Hours: Sun-Thur: 11am to 10pm; Fri & Sat: 11am to ... Apply for positions in the following cities*. East Lansing MI | Mechanicsburg PA | Portland OR- All. Southfield MI | Oklahoma City OK | Indianapolis IN. Lakewood OH | Plano TX | San Bernardino CA. * Locations are independently owned and operated. This is a video of our training session: Press. Join Dave’s. Fundraising.Dave's Hot Chicken - Yuma, AZ - S. Yuma Palms Pkwy. 1525 S Yuma Palms Pkwy Yuma, AZ 85365. (928) 459-6477Mar 5, 2023 · Dave's Hot Chicken entered 2021 with just seven brick-and-mortar locations. By the end of 2022, the chain boasted roughly 100 outposts across the world. This expanded footprint led to a massive growth at the register. Dave's Hot Chicken's reported its total sales volume grew 262% from 2020 to 2021. Dave's Hot Chicken was created by best friends Dave Kopushyan, Arman Oganesyan, and Tommy and Gary Rubenyan. Dave, a chef trained in Thomas Keller's (French Laundry) organization set out to create the perfect Hot Chicken by searching, tasting, and frying. The four friends scrounged up $900 to put a tiny stand in an East Hollywood parking lot. Dave's Hot Chicken was created by best friends Dave Kopushyan, Arman Oganesyan, and Tommy and Gary Rubenyan. Dave, a chef trained in Thomas Keller's (French Laundry) organization set out to create the perfect Hot Chicken by searching, tasting, and frying. The four friends scrounged up $900 to put a tiny stand in an East Hollywood parking lot. Large Vanilla Shake. $5.99 740 Cals. Street food sensation turned fast-casual hit, Dave’s Hot Chicken brings the heat. Specializing in Nashville-style hot chicken and serving tenders & sliders that are juicy, tender, and seriously addictive. Jan 12, 2023 · The future of Dave’s Hot Chicken. In 2022, Dave’s Hot Chicken went global, expanding into Canada, UAE, and Qatar. And in 2023, the chain is poised for even more growth, riding the high of its milestone 100th location. According to QSR Magazine, there are currently 620 units in development with 85 restaurants expected to debut globally this ...
Dave’s Hot Chicken - New York, NY - 8th Ave. 944 8th Avenue, New York, NY 10019. (332) 999-1825. San jose airport to lax
Dave's Hot Chicken - Fort Collins, CO - S. College Ave. 1700 S. College Ave, Fort Collins, CO 80525. (970) 792-3717Dave’s Hot Chicken specializes in Nashville-style hot chicken, including tenders and sliders. It started in Los Angeles as a parking lot pop-up in 2017 and since then has opened over 100 locations in four countries. Menomonee Falls, Milwaukee, Madison, Kenosha and Green Bay are the first (of many) locations in Wisconsin. This is your chance to join a …Specialties: Dave's Hot Chicken was created by best friends Dave Kopushyan, Arman Oganesyan, and Tommy and Gary Rubenyan. Dave, a chef trained in Thomas Keller's (French Laundry) organization set out to create the perfect Hot Chicken by searching, tasting, and frying. The four friends scrounged up $900 to put a tiny stand in an East …Dave’s, like Raising Cane’s, specializes in chicken tenders rather than traditional fried chicken. Thus, the new meatless alternative, affectionately referred to as “Not Chicken,” is conceived as a fried cauliflower tender. Just like the hot chicken, you can choose from one of seven spice levels on a scale that ranges from “No Spice ...Jan 12, 2023 · The future of Dave’s Hot Chicken. In 2022, Dave’s Hot Chicken went global, expanding into Canada, UAE, and Qatar. And in 2023, the chain is poised for even more growth, riding the high of its milestone 100th location. According to QSR Magazine, there are currently 620 units in development with 85 restaurants expected to debut globally this ... Earn points when you eat. Every $1 spent in-store or online gives you 10 points, which you redeem for a reward from our Reward Tiers. When you order at the restaurant be sure to have the cashier scan the QR code from your app or provide your phone number and earn the points from this order. The lite-mild and mild seasonings were the perfect complement to the cauliflower. I got a tad bit of heat, but the spices weren't hot enough to overpower the distinct flavor of the cauliflower ...Dave’s Hot Chicken - Milwaukee, WI - E Ogden Ave. - East Point. 544 East Ogden Ave., #200, Milwaukee, WI 53202. (414) 239-6014Dave’s Hot Chicken - San Diego, CA - Mira Mesa. 10728 Westview Pkwy. San Diego, California 92126. (858) 214-3757Dave's Hot Chicken. Glassdoor gives you an inside look at what it's like to work at Dave's Hot Chicken, including salaries, reviews, office photos, and more. This is the Dave's Hot Chicken company profile. All content is posted anonymously by employees working at Dave's Hot Chicken. See what employees say it's like to work at Dave's Hot Chicken.Nancy Luna/Insider. Dave's Hot Chicken was named the fastest-growing chain in the US last year. In 2023, the chain is on track to launch up to 75 locations. It opened its first store in...Inside Halton has learned that Dave’s Hot Chicken, an American fast casual restaurant chain specializing in fried chicken tenders, sandwiches and sliders, namely Nashville-style hot chicken, plans to open in the area of Appleby Line and Dundas Street. The company has already opened four locations in Toronto since 2021.Dave’s Hot Chicken - New York, NY - 8th Ave. 944 8th Avenue, New York, NY 10019. (332) 999-1825 Dave’s Hot Chicken - Dallas, TX - Preston Road. 14750 Preston Rd. Dallas, TX 75254 (214) 613-1099. Hours: Drive-thru: Mon-Sun: 11:00am-11:00pm; ... Join Dave’s ... Dave's Hot Chicken - Oklahoma City, OK - Pawnee Dr. 13220 Pawnee Dr, Oklahoma City, OK 73114. (405) 832-3020Dave’s Hot Chicken - Oakland, CA - Broadway. 2228 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612. (510) 423-9400Specialties: Dave's Hot Chicken was created by best friends Dave Kopushyan, Arman Oganesyan, and Tommy and Gary Rubenyan. Dave, a chef trained in Thomas Keller's (French Laundry) organization set out to create the perfect Hot Chicken by searching, tasting, and frying. The four friends scrounged up $900 to put a tiny stand in an East …The investors behind Blaze Pizza are pivoting to fried chicken. A group including Maria Shriver, Boston Red Sox Chairman Tom Werner, actor Samuel L. Jackson and TV personality Michael Strahan are ....