When you incorporate a high-pitched roof for your pole barn, it helps to exhaust stale air and allow fresher air to come in. Steeper roofs also help shed snow, which keeps that additional moisture farther away from the pole barn. Pairing sufficient pole barn vents with a high-pitched roof is a great way to help control air quality.Posts: n/a. Ridge vent admitting tree debris. My attic had almost no ventilation. I had the roofer install a continuous ridge vent and extra soffit vents. Now ventilation is great, but the vent allows quite a bit of debris (seeds and "cotton") from the elm and cottonwood trees in the backyard to enter my attic space. It does NOT leak water.Worldwide Steel Building system offers louver vents in four different sizes: 18×24”, 24×24”, 24×30” and 30×30”. For this month’s specials and more information on louvered vents and other building accessories, call Worldwide Steel Buildings at 800-825-0316. Louver vents for metal buildings can allow for more airflow through your ...Learn How To Install Foam Closures On A Metal Roof. EASY VIDEO Foam Closures At The Metal Roofing Ridge Cap. This step by step video covers foam closure ins...Aug 2, 2023 · There are many ventilation options on a pole barn. What you choose for your building will depend on aesthetic preferences, pole building design and individual needs. Some available options are – bird blocking at gable ends, ridge vents on the roof, gable vents on the gable ends of the building, and cupolas on the ridge of the roof. Sometimes, “venting,” or airing our grievances, gets a bad rap. Negative connotations are associated with Sometimes, “venting,” or airing our grievances, gets a bad rap. Negative c...Openings within the ridge ventilators encourage hot, stale air — and air contaminated by manufacturing and production operations — up and out of the building.I have a 40x40 uninsulated pole barn with a full length ridge vent but no vents on the soffits. However the ridges on the roof just above the overhang and soffits, provide openings for air and air can be felt coming through them with a middle breeze in the right direction. Would soffit vents really add to air flow within the building ? -Thanks For many pole builders and pole building kit providers, their idea of a ridge vent is to just omit the closed cell form fitted closures which should be provided beneath the ridge caps to prevent rain, snow, leaves, needles and critters from entering the building. This will be a pole barn style construction, with a truss roof, without any sheeting, just metal on lathe. We plan to foam the entire interior of the shell as both a vapor barrier, waterproofer, and starter insulation. When we skin the interior walls we may throw in some fiberglass bats just to add a cheap bit of extra insulation.Mar 3, 2018 · There is a ridge vent but no soffit vents. it is a straight sloped 45 degree roof, no hips, valleys. 4C climate, so primary concern is moisture penetration. It is my understanding that moisture is 30x more likely to come through air penetration than vapor diffusion, as such air sealing is the first step. May 21, 2019 · Continuous Ridge Vent. If your pole barn is going to house livestock, a continuous ridge vent is a necessity! These strips contour to the rib so your roof and seal the natural gap at the top of your roof, while …Jul 26, 2021 · Vented Ridges. Having ventilation at the top of your pole barn roof can be very important. The peak or ridge of your roof should be vented to allow warm and moist …Wilson Construction SPECIALIZING IN POLE BARNS & STORAGE BUILDINGS COLORS FOR RIDGE VENTS ARE IN THESE COLORS ONLY Burgandy, Red, White, Light-Stone, Green, Galvalume, Charcoal, and BrownThis will be a pole barn style construction, with a truss roof, without any sheeting, just metal on lathe. We plan to foam the entire interior of the shell as both a vapor barrier, waterproofer, and starter insulation. When we skin the interior walls we may throw in some fiberglass bats just to add a cheap bit of extra insulation. At a minimum, we recommend Astro Armour insulation on the underside of the roof when the barn will be enclosed. In a building with 4 walls, you’ll find moisture on un-insulated walls at some point each year. It’s much more cost efficient to insulate when it’s built, than after. Effective ventilation also helps reduce condensation. We are building a 25x50x18 (walls are 14') metal building, which will have a full ridge vent. Someone is trying to sell us a 36" exhaust fan w/ intake louvers, but from what I've read, this will work against the ridge vent. ... Yes it's a pole barn, and we're using perlins. Now why wouldn't a metal bldg supplier tell us the ridge vent is ...This product is Made in the USA and keeps out critters such as squirrels, bats, mice, raccoons, rats, and more. Peak Protector comes complete in packages of Qty.25 4 foot sections with a durable vinyl coating which withstands harsh elements. Each box contains 100 linear feet of ridge vent guard material which acts like armor against critters. The ridge leaking like a colander! As the ridge caps were nailed on, the fix for a leaky roof was to place expanding closures beneath the edges of the ridge caps. This was an easier and less costly solution than destroying the ridge caps and top edges of the steel. When in rolls, these are less than 1/4 of an inch thick, but they will expand to ... Mar 17, 2019 · If you have been looking for pole barn insulation ideas this video shows how I insulated by pole barn workshop. There are many pole barn insulation options. ... Passive ventilation relies only on the force of wind and building openings, such as ridge vents, open sidewalls, eaves and rollup doors, to allow fresh air to flow through the barn. ... Tunnel ventilation, which is ideal in barns with ceilings, pulls air along the barn using exhaust fans and empties it out on the opposite side. This type of ...When you have sufficient pole barn venting, you will enhance the air quality and comfort of your pole barn. Proper pole barn venting simultaneously prevents some minor issues like mold by reducing the general moisture inside. One addition that you can establish with your DIY Pole Barns quote is a continuous ridge vent. The gap at the top …A ridge vent is an air exhaust vent installed on the peak of a roof. When installing this vent, an air slot is first cut in the roof deck at the roof's peak. This air slot is then covered by the ridge vent itself. They help to provide continuous, uniform exhaust ventilation at the highest portion of the attic and are designed to help resist ... Expandable foam – probably not the best idea, as it would be prone to buckle the ridge caps between screw fasteners. It also could very well potentially “leak” out from under the ridge caps creating an aesthetic problem. The very best solution would be closed cell form fitted closures, either solid or vented. The ridge leaking like a colander! As the ridge caps were nailed on, the fix for a leaky roof was to place expanding closures beneath the edges of the ridge caps. This was an easier and less costly solution than destroying the ridge caps and top edges of the steel. When in rolls, these are less than 1/4 of an inch thick, but they will expand to ... There are many ventilation options on a pole barn. What you choose for your building will depend on aesthetic preferences, pole building design and individual needs. Some available options are – bird blocking at gable ends, ridge vents on the roof, gable vents on the gable ends of the building, and cupolas on the ridge of the roof.If you have been looking for pole barn insulation ideas this video shows how I insulated by pole barn workshop. There are many pole barn insulation options. ...The CV1 ridge vent is a patented single piece screened foam closure that allows hot air to circulate from the inside of your building out through the ridge cap, keeping your metal building ventilated and free of damaging condensation. Even small amounts of condensation can substantially reduce the "R" value of the insulation, creating faster heat loss into the attic space and eventually ...In English, for most cases 1/150th of an enclosed attic space must be vented by either ridge vents used WITH eave vents (enclosed overhangs); or by gable vents only. At least 50% of the required ventilation area must be in the upper 1/2 of the attic. Gable vents area can no longer be mixed with ridge vents to meet the requirements of the code.If your computer is running too hot, one of the easiest initial things to check for is if your vents are blocked (where these vents are located depends on the make of your machine;...Ridge Vents. Plyco manufactures and distributes a variety of ventilation products designed to provide air-flow to meet your requirements. Various building components and products are available from decorative cupolas to ridge vents with anywhere from 12 square inches to as much as 108 square inches of free air space per lineal foot.Place metal, plastic, foam, or cardboard attic baffles between rafters. Ensure they are not touching the ceiling, as this is where the air will flow. Staple the attic ventilation baffles into place. Continue this process up the roof along with the same rafter space. This allows air to travel throughout the space.Wilson Construction SPECIALIZING IN POLE BARNS & STORAGE BUILDINGS. COLORS FOR RIDGE VENTS ARE IN THESE COLORS ONLY. Burgandy, Red, White, Light-Stone, Green, Galvalume, Charcoal, and Brown. [email protected] ©2023 by Wilson Construction. Proudly created with Wix.com . bottom of page ...2" Nailing Flange. Ideal for large attic or entire building ventilation such as horse, cattle or poultry buildings. 3 1⁄2" unrestricted throat with 36 sq. inches of free area per lineal foot. 13 1⁄4" overall coverage, with wider flanges available. Rises only 4 1⁄2"above the ridge, all metal edges are hemmed for strength and easier handling.Barn cupolas offer additional passive ventilation. Traditionally, cupolas were used to allow hot air trapped in the airspace under a roof to escape. However, they’re frequently used in barns to promote a passive airflow. We have a wide selection of barn cupolas, and other roof ventilation, available in a range of materials and sizes.List. Color: White. CMI. 12.25-in x 12.25-in White Square Steel Gable Louver Vent. Gibraltar Building Products. 14.25-in x 18.25-in White Rectangle Steel Gable Louver Vent. Gibraltar Building Products. 14.25-in x 24.25-in White Rectangle Steel Gable Louver Vent. Multiple Options Available.Cupolas are a classic - and classy - way to improve your pole barn's ventilation. A louver cupola draws moist, hot air out through the roof, preventing moisture build-up and increasing air flow. Our cupolas are available in a wide variety of sizes to accommodate any size pole barn.Weather-beaten barns no longer needed for farm use often find a new lease on life with a new owner. Old barn aficionados turn intact structures into offices, restaurants, retail ou...Right now, our 30×48 gambrel pole barn with loft are being built. The shop will be finished with R-19 fiberglass in the walls and then T1-11 panelings will be installed. The ceiling is going to be a metal liner, obviously. The loft will be used for storage and man cave, so half of the loft would be finished in the future.We make sizing your barn cupola simple with our cupola sizing guidelines. Here you’ll find a step-by-step breakdown on finding that perfect size cupola for your barn. Of course, if you ever need help sizing your cupola, you … About Us. Built on proven technology since 1998, our specially designed equipment precisely cuts the panel profile into the surface. Working at optimum performance within varied roof pitches from 2:12 to 20:12, ProfileVent ridge vent is custom cut to fit the individual panel profile. ProfileVent’s compatibility with a steep roof pitch makes ... The roof louver will extend the life of the roof and overall building structure. The Roof Louver is made of heavy gauge aluminum that will not rust and The Roof Louver has been pressure tested to wind speeds of 200 mph by the standards of Texas Insurance. The Roof Louver has a round concentric covered lid with louvers towards the bottom.List. Color: White. CMI. 12.25-in x 12.25-in White Square Steel Gable Louver Vent. Gibraltar Building Products. 14.25-in x 18.25-in White Rectangle Steel Gable Louver Vent. Gibraltar Building Products. 14.25-in x 24.25-in White Rectangle Steel Gable Louver Vent. Multiple Options Available.This ProSky ridge cap corrugated polycabonate panel outperforms traditional fiberglass corrugated panels: up to 20 times greater impact resistance; the highest light …Post Frame Building Insulation: A Comprehensive Guide. by Haider Raja. SEP 15 2023. Insulation is essential for energy efficiency and comfort in pole barns and post-frame buildings. These versatile structures serve can serve ask living or work spaces, making insulation crucial. This guide covers key insulation options and how to make the right ... Right now, our 30×48 gambrel pole barn with loft are being built. The shop will be finished with R-19 fiberglass in the walls and then T1-11 panelings will be installed. The ceiling is going to be a metal liner, obviously. The loft will be used for storage and man cave, so half of the loft would be finished in the future. 5 Examples of Typical Pole Barn Repairs. The old expression “you don’t know what you don’t know” applies to the repairs Wick routinely conducts. Here are some examples of both inclement weather repairs and restoration projects that may surprise you. 1. Ridge light repair: Better light, more durability.We make sizing your barn cupola simple with our cupola sizing guidelines. Here you’ll find a step-by-step breakdown on finding that perfect size cupola for your barn. Of course, if you ever need help sizing your cupola, you …A step by step guide on how to replace a leaking or damaged ridge vent.Please always remember that roofing is a dangerous undertaking, and you should never a...Jul 26, 2021 · Vented Ridges. Having ventilation at the top of your pole barn roof can be very important. The peak or ridge of your roof should be vented to allow warm and moist …These barns are classified by location of ventilation openings, sidewall ventilation (Figure 7) or sidewall and ridge, stack or chimney ventilation (Figure 4, 5 and 6). The required insulation may be placed immediately under the roof, below roof purlins or on the lower chords of the roof trusses.Are you considering building a pole barn on your property in Oklahoma? Pole barns are versatile structures that can serve various purposes, from storing farm equipment to providing...Vented Ridges. Having ventilation at the top of your pole barn roof can be very important. The peak or ridge of your roof should be vented to allow warm and moist air to leave the building. This type of ventilation is important because hot air rises, and a vented ridge will allow this air to escape. Vented Eaves.Feb 19, 2020 · A step by step guide on how to replace a leaking or damaged ridge vent.Please always remember that roofing is a dangerous undertaking, and you should never a... Our low-profile ridge vents control air flow through the building while providing a sleek, streamlined appearance with the roof. Available in many designer colors, ridge vents are an excellent way to remove heat from your building. Installed at the ridge, they allow the warm air inside a way to escape and also help manage condensation and moisture. Vent Fan Size. Next, multiply the square feet of attic space by 0.7 to get the minimum number of cubic feet of air per minute the fan should be rated to move. 960 sft x 0.7 = 672 CFM minimum fan rating. Add an additional 20% (CFM x 1.20) if you have a steep roof, and 15% (CFM x 1.15) for a dark roof. Attic vent fans are commonly rated from 800 ... Worldwide Steel Building system offers louver vents in four different sizes: 18×24”, 24×24”, 24×30” and 30×30”. For this month’s specials and more information on louvered vents and other building accessories, call Worldwide Steel Buildings at 800-825-0316. Louver vents for metal buildings can allow for more airflow through your ...The Marco Industries Closure-Foam™ is UV resistant and designed to last 40 years or more! Marco’s Closure-Foam is designed to stay put. A generous ¼” adhesive bead of M63™ industrial adhesive on each strip eliminates blow away problems. The adhesive will even adhere in subfreezing temperatures and on wet surfaces!Both gable and ridge vents have their unique advantages when regulating the temperature and humidity levels of a metal building. Gable vents, ... Considerations for Installing a Gable Vent in a Pole Barn. Prior to installation, understand that the positioning is pivotal. Maintaining a proper turnover of air would necessitate placing the vent at ...Vents. ABC Supply is a wholesale distributor of roofing vent products, also referred to as roof vents, ridge vents and exhaust vents. The manufacturers listed above are not available at all locations. Use our Location Finder to see what product brands are available at an ABC Supply store near you.When ridge vent installation is performed correctly, the vent increases the home’s energy efficiency and extends the life of the roof. The next step is to cap the ridge. The ridge cap used on this roof comes in 3-ft. shingles which are perforated to be broken into 12-in. squares. Ridge caps should be oriented to face away from prevailing winds.The roof louver will extend the life of the roof and overall building structure. The Roof Louver is made of heavy gauge aluminum that will not rust and The Roof Louver has been pressure tested to wind speeds of 200 mph by the standards of Texas Insurance. The Roof Louver has a round concentric covered lid with louvers towards the bottom.The CV1 ridge vent is a patented single piece screened foam closure that allows hot air to circulate from the inside of your building out through the ridge cap, keeping your metal building ventilated and free of damaging condensation. Even small amounts of condensation can substantially reduce the "R" value of the insulation, creating faster heat loss into the attic space and eventually ...October 27, 2023 Annie. Like humans, livestock constantly produce moisture and heat, making ventilation a primary requirement in barns. Ventilation facilitates a continuous and free exchange between the air within the barn and the fresh outside. This applies to livestock barns and those you store animal feeds, farm machinery, and other supplies.Mar 7, 2016 ... Trying to insulate a pole barn - metal roof. Current ... I could vent the whole place with eve vents ... ridge. The foam board would be a vapor ...Wilson Construction SPECIALIZING IN POLE BARNS & STORAGE BUILDINGS. COLORS FOR RIDGE VENTS ARE IN THESE COLORS ONLY. Burgandy, Red, White, Light-Stone, Green, Galvalume, Charcoal, and Brown. [email protected] ©2023 by Wilson Construction. Proudly created with Wix.com . bottom of page ...The flat ridge cap attaches to the high spots on the profile of the roofing panels. This create spaces between the low areas and the ridge cap that act as a vent. The spaces usually have a breathable, heavy matrix material that matches the roof panel profile installed under, and along the edge of, the ridge cap.The continuous ridge vent is a low-cost, low-maintenance way to keep your metal buildings healthy and comfortable, and to keep humidity in check, too. In ord...The truth is, you probably don’t need a ridge vent when you have spray foam insulation. The main purpose of a ridge vent is to allow moisture to escape from the roof, and since spray foam insulation creates a barrier against moisture, it’s not necessary. However, if you are worried about moisture build-up, you can install a ridge vent just ...If you have been looking for pole barn insulation ideas this video shows how I insulated by pole barn workshop. There are many pole barn insulation options. ...Pioneer Pole Buildings offers a huge variety of options to customize your building to be exactly what you want. From the usefulness of different doors and windows to the aesthetics of cupolas and overhangs, you can make your building work for you and look great at the same time. Look through our options and decide what suits you best.8 days ago ... ... #metalsiding #metalbuildings #polebarn #trades #tradesman #construction #constructionasmr #contractor #build #buildingscience #shorts.You Save $16.17 with Mail-In Rebate*. The size indicated is the actual rough opening size. It is an all steel construction with nailing flanges on all four sides. The 18"x 24" gable vent has 90 inches of free area. Ship To Store - Free!2" Nailing Flange. Ideal for large attic or entire building ventilation such as horse, cattle or poultry buildings. 3 1⁄2" unrestricted throat with 36 sq. inches of free area per lineal foot. 13 1⁄4" overall coverage, with wider flanges available. Rises only 4 1⁄2"above the ridge, all metal edges are hemmed for strength and easier handling.Peak Protector Roof Ridge Vent Guards provide an affordable and durable method to protect ridge vents against animal intrusion into attics and walls. (937) 405-8721. ... Screws down to the roof with exterior grade pole barn screws and a rubber washer, forming a weatherproof watertight seal. Use the supplied roof sealant for extra leak protection.Our 24'x32'x10' Pole Barn Kit includes: Size: 24' x 32' x 10' Roof Pitch: 4/12 Pitch; Roof Overhang: 12" on All Sides; Overhead Door: One 12' x 8' Insulated on Gable; Entry Door: One 36" x 80" Half Glass w/ Grids (Two Panel) Windows: Three 36" x 48" Double Hung; Condensation Barrier: DripStop on Roof; Ventilation: Continuous Ridge Vent, Vented ...Metal Roofing Ridge Cap – Installation Steps. Center a piece of ridge cap on the building peak. Make a mark at the cap’s lower edges (both sides), at one end of the ridge. See the illustration below. If the ridge is only 15’-20’ long, repeat step 1 at the opposite end of the ridge. For a longer ridge, move along the ridge repeating step ...Proper ventilation is essential for eaves and ridges in pole barns due to several reasons. Without adequate ventilation, the pole barn can experience moisture build-up, heat retention, and structural deterioration. Moisture trapped in the building can lead to mold growth, rotting wood, and damage to stored items.Figure 2. Completely insulated tie stall barn with automatically controlled ventilation ridge and sidewall openings (Source: Milne, R.J. Natural Ventilation of Tie Stall Dairy Barns.) Characteristics. Ridge exhaust, 1 square foot per 100 square feet of floor area. Continuous adjustable sidewall opening, 4 to 6 feet high.Apr 13, 2023 · These barns are classified by location of ventilation openings, sidewall ventilation (Figure 7) or sidewall and ridge, stack or chimney ventilation (Figure 4, 5 and 6). The required insulation may be placed immediately under the roof, below roof purlins or on the lower chords of the roof trusses. Considering a ridge vent for your home? This guide covers the costs, types, and installation of ridge vents. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos Latest View All Guides Late...
The ridge ventilators are designed to exhaust air from your building. An equal amount of intake air must be provided through soffit or louvers to prevent infiltration of snow or rain. A special fiberglass rain diverter allows natural light inside building. A splice plate and end flashing is included. . Jessica savitch news anchor
Learn to draw a barn and pond and bring the best of the farm to life. Learn how to draw a barn and pond landscape in just five simple steps. Advertisement This barn and pond land...These barns are classified by location of ventilation openings, sidewall ventilation (Figure 7) or sidewall and ridge, stack or chimney ventilation (Figure 4, 5 and 6). The required insulation may be placed immediately under the roof, below roof purlins or on the lower chords of the roof trusses.I am planning to use open cell spray foam insulation in my metal building and then build out the interior. I have read two articles by Allision Bailes that seem to contradict one another concerning whether or not a home (or building) that has SPF should be ventilated or not. One article was entitled "Spray Foam Insulated Homes Need Ventilation" Posted on Oct 22 2014 by Allison A. Bailes III ...Are you considering building a pole barn on your property in Oklahoma? Pole barns are versatile structures that can serve various purposes, from storing farm equipment to providing...4) Ventilation. Next, ventilation goes a long way towards accomplishing condensation control. Overhangs with ridge vents at the roof peak pull warm, moist air out of your pole barn and replace it with fresh air, dry air. Adding a cupola to your structure will allow a way for trapped heat to escape through the fan and side vents.Roof vents are essential for two main reasons. First, they allow hot air to escape from the building during the summer months. This helps to keep the metal building and its contents cooler. This also acts to prevent the formation of condensation on the roof. Secondly, roof vents help circulate fresh air throughout the building.Sometimes, “venting,” or airing our grievances, gets a bad rap. Negative connotations are associated with Sometimes, “venting,” or airing our grievances, gets a bad rap. Negative c...The Eurasian pole of inaccessibility is hard to reach, but near Ürümqi, Zhangye Danxia National Geological Park, and Kashgar. It turns out that the “middle of nowhere” is actually ... This ProSky ridge cap corrugated polycabonate panel outperforms traditional fiberglass corrugated panels: up to 20 times greater impact resistance; the highest light transmission rates; resistant to yellowing; and highest resistance to wind uplift. As a maximum of 50% of the required ventilation can be at the ridge, 18.4 X 2 X 300 / 144 = 76’8” as the maximum building width which these vents can handle on a gabled roof. For air intake, Kaycan brand full vented vinyl soffit provides 4.44 square inches of net free ventilation per square foot. This means with vented soffit on both eaves ... ProfileVent Ridge Vent, 3/4 Hi Rib Profile, 20 ft. VENT-T0900-PVA : 3/4 inch x 9 inch ProfileVent Ridge Vent for GrandRib Type 3 Metal Roofing. 3/4 inch high Ribs X 9 inch on center with Adhesive Strip Miami-Dade Approved. 20 Foot Roll. Price/Roll. (aka Profilevent 12005; shipping leadtime 2-3 business days) $50.00 $34.99: Quantity: At a minimum, we recommend Astro Armour insulation on the underside of the roof when the barn will be enclosed. In a building with 4 walls, you’ll find moisture on un-insulated walls at some point each year. It’s much more cost efficient to insulate when it’s built, than after. Effective ventilation also helps reduce condensation. Right now, our 30×48 gambrel pole barn with loft are being built. The shop will be finished with R-19 fiberglass in the walls and then T1-11 panelings will be installed. The ceiling is going to be a metal liner, obviously. The loft will be used for storage and man cave, so half of the loft would be finished in the future.Ventilation 101: Outflow and Inflow. To understand how proper ventilation works, here’s the anatomy of a basic passive pole barn ventilation system. Vented ridges: Out with the Moist, Stale Air. The process starts with warm, moist air rising inside your pole barn.Aug 1, 2022 ... At minimum, your barn should have soffit or eave vents, and ridge vents or cupolas. This allows hot air to escape from the top of your ... At Metallic Products, we offer two ridge ventilator options: Continuous and low profile. While both carry out the same basic work - and can be installed as a single unit or continuous run - certain distinctions do provide advantages, depending on the situation. Low profile ridge vents, for instance, are just that — low profile. Posts: n/a. Ridge vent admitting tree debris. My attic had almost no ventilation. I had the roofer install a continuous ridge vent and extra soffit vents. Now ventilation is great, but the vent allows quite a bit of debris (seeds and "cotton") from the elm and cottonwood trees in the backyard to enter my attic space. It does NOT leak water.I vented my metal roof with a Whirlybird Roof Turbine. It came with a "Forever Guarantee". Link to TOOLS and PARTS I USE...https://www.amazon.com/shop/carst...The ridge ventilators are designed to exhaust air from your building. An equal amount of intake air must be provided through soffit or louvers to prevent infiltration of snow or rain. A special fiberglass rain diverter allows natural light inside building. A splice plate and end flashing is included.When it comes to constructing agricultural buildings in Oklahoma, pole barn kits have become increasingly popular. These prefabricated structures offer numerous benefits that make ....