Stories of pregnancy after tubal - The possibility of achieving pregnancy after tubal ligation reversal is favorable, with about 50-80% of women going on to have a baby. However, the success rate depends on factors such as age, the partner’s sperm health, and the presence of scar tissue. The amount of healthy fallopian tubes left and the type of sterilization used are also ...

 
Tubal ligation is usually a permanent form of birth control, although there are some exceptions. Learn about the chances of pregnancy after tubal ligation.... Angelo pagan net worth

For women under age 40, the success rate of a tubal reversal ranges from 40-80%, depending on the type of tubal ligation used. After age 40, the success rate for a tubal reversal drops to 25%. Women who’ve had only a small part of their fallopian tubes removed and women who’ve had their fallopian tubes blocked with rings or clips are more ...When tubal sterilization fails, it is suggested that bilateral salpingectomy is the correct treatment. This must be very effective as there appear to be no ...Tubal sterilization is the intentional occlusion or partial or complete removal of the fallopian tubes to provide permanent contraception in females. Sterilization is highly effective at preventing pregnancy and is the most commonly used form of contraception worldwide.[1][2] The procedure is indicated when it is desired by the patient for …Feb 23, 2022 ... Tubal ligation no better than IUD at preventing pregnancy ... "Tubal ligation is permanent," Schwarz said, "and regrets following ... STORIES. How&n...The thought of pregnancy can be scary and exciting at the same time; however, not really knowing if you’re pregnant can be the most unsettling feeling, which is why many people lik...Courtesy Cynthia Williams. March 18, 2014 -- An Illinois woman is suing her doctor for "wrongful pregnancy,” claiming a botched tubal ligation led to the birth of a daughter with sickle cell ...Dec 11, 2023 · Nevertheless, pregnancies sometimes happen despite sterilization. The probability of this happening is extremely low. Only 1-3 in 1,000 women become pregnant every year after sterilization. Reasons for this are surgical mistakes or oversights. In rare cases, recanalization may occur: In women, the uterus and fallopian tubes reunite; in men, the ... Date of Your Tubal Reversal: 12-17-2013 Date of Pregnancy Test: 3-20-2014 Due Date: 11-26-2014. Dynamite news from Danielle M.: Date of Your Tubal Reversal: 03/18/13 Date of Pregnancy Test: 01/29/14 Due Date: 09/10/14. Miracles do happen. From Nicole N.: “After the reversal we became pregnant right away, however we miscarried.May 31, 2019 · According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the rate of pregnancy for women who have partial removal of their fallopian tubes is about 7.5 per 1,000. But there's no ... I wanted to share my story to help any of you in this process. Obviously tubal ligation is better than nothing, but please be aware of the differences, effectiveness and risks. I have learned pregnancy from tubal ligation is much more common than first believed.Background. Ectopic pregnancy (EP) occurs approximately 1–2% of all pregnancies [].Approximately 98% of ectopic pregnancies occur in the fallopian tube, and the ampullary portion is the most common site of implantation [].EP is a fertility-related problem for the reproductive-aged women desiring a future pregnancy [].Currently, laparoscopic …1. Sarah’s Miracle: Sarah, a 38-year-old woman from California, underwent tubal ligation in 2022 after deciding to complete her family. To her astonishment, she …Michelle’s Story. It never crossed my mind that I would ever be thinking of being a mother at 51 years old. Coming out of a divorce after 10 years of marriage, being the mother of three wonderful, grown children, and having had a tubal ligation 18 years ago after my last child, it never occurred to me that I would want to have a baby again. I ...The incidence of ovarian pregnancy after tubal ligation has not been reported, but must be extremely rare. Case: A 30-year-old, breast-feeding, white woman 6 months postpartum, with bilateral tubal ligation after delivery, developed acute right lower quadrant pain while excercising. Evaluation in the emergency room revealed rebound tenderness ...Most women experience normal menstruation after a tubal ligation, so a missed period may be one of the earliest signs of pregnancy. Other common early symptoms include light spotting about six to 12 days after conception, tender breasts, nausea or vomiting, and fatigue. Symptoms of pregnancy differ from woman to woman, …Pregnant after tubal reversal! I will be 39 years old tomorrow, and have children who are ages 19, 16, and 11 years old. They were all born by c sections. I had my tubes tied in 2004, after the birth of my 3rd child. 10 years later, I had my tubes untied October 14th, 2014 here in Saskatchewan. Unfortunately, I had 1 very early mc in February 2015.An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilised egg implants and grows outside of the main cavity of the uterus, most often occurring in a fallopian tube, which carries eggs from the ovaries to the uterus. I was very sure my dates were correct and that I hadn’t experienced a miscarriage, but equally so, after frantically googling ‘ectopic ... Hi Everyone! I am 38 and 9 weeks pregnant with my 3rd child (DH's first) I had a tubal ligation after delivering my son 16 years ago. We are over the moon excited!! I'm becoming a little less nervous as ultrasound last week showed baby in utero and we heard a very clear hearbeat of 167 bpm. I just started feeling better. January 29, 2009. Tubal ligation reversal is very successful at allowing women who have had their tubes tied to become pregnant again. In general, 70% of women who have their tubes untied at A Personal Choice become pregnant after reversal of tubal ligation. This overall statistic is based on all patients, but there is variation depending upon ...Apr 14, 2022 · If you want compassionate fertility care, New Hope is the right place for you. Call us at (347) 970-8479 or schedule your initial consultation today! Pregnancy after Tubal Ligation - A Success Story from a 51-Year-Old Mother IVF New Hope Fertility Center. M.M. “I had got my tubes tied in 2011 and in 2015 got my reversal done with Dr.Mor I traveled to him from Seattle and was 100% satisfied with the service and care I received from him and his staff. It took me 1 year to conceive after my surgery. I got pregnant in 2016 and on January 1, 2016, we welcomed our tubal reversal baby boy.Cost per ongoing pregnancy for women after tubal anastomosis ranged from $16,446 to $223,482 (2014 USD), whereas IVF ranged from $32,902 to $111,679 (2014 USD). Across maternal age groups <35 and 35–40, years tubal anastomosis was more cost effective than IVF for ongoing pregnancy. Sensitivity analyses validated these findings across a wide ... Studies show that pregnancy success rates after tubal reversal are between 31% and 88%, which is an important criteria. Emotional Impact: Experiencing an ectopic pregnancy after tubal ligation can be emotionally challenging. It may lead to feelings of loss, grief, and frustration. IVF – How to Get Pregnant After a Tubal Ligation Without a Reversal. As mentioned, IVF is a common fertility treatment and one of the ways you can get pregnant after having your “tubes tied.”. IVF offers the highest odds of pregnancy each month of any technology or treatment available with the chance of getting pregnant as high as 50 or ...Laura, a 42-year-old woman, had tubal ligation in 2015. In 2024, she experienced a pregnancy, defying the odds of permanent contraception. Laura’s story highlights that unexpected fertility can occur even years after the procedure. 7. Rachel’s Miracle Baby: Rachel, a 31-year-old woman, had a tubal ligation at the age of 30.For women under age 40, the success rate of a tubal reversal ranges from 40-80%, depending on the type of tubal ligation used. After age 40, the success rate for a tubal reversal drops to 25%. Women who’ve had only a small part of their fallopian tubes removed and women who’ve had their fallopian tubes blocked with rings or clips are more ...Mood change. Obviously, a bad mood could be caused by many things, but mood swings are one of the early signs of pregnancy, experienced as early as 3 weeks after conception. “Some people feel more irritable,” says Dr. Celestine. If you’re feeling anxious or depressed, you’re not alone.Tubal ligation is a type of permanent birth control. It's also known as having your tubes tied or tubal sterilization. During this surgery, the fallopian tubes most often are cut and tied to prevent pregnancy for the rest of your life. Tubal ligation prevents an egg from moving from the ovaries and down to the uterus through the fallopian tubes.Abstract. The mechanism of recanalization after resection of a segment of the fallopian tube by the Pomeroy sterilization method is discussed. At the level of resection, the epithelial lining of the fallopian tube tends to regenerate, covering the split ends and planes of cleavage of the resected surfaces and forming slitlike spaces and blind ...However, despite its effectiveness, there are instances where a woman who has undergone tubal ligation may desire to have a healthy pregnancy. It is important to note that the chances of a successful pregnancy after tubal ligation are relatively low. According to studies, the overall pregnancy rate after tubal ligation ranges from 0.1% to …Tubal ligation is one of the most effective ways to prevent pregnancy, with rates of pregnancy around 1/1,000 after the first year, and between 2-10/1,000 after five years. Although the possibility of becoming pregnant is low, the chance is still there. Unfortunately, after the procedure, the risk of experiencing an ectopic pregnancy increases ...The stories of pregnancy after tubal ligation highlight the need for thorough counseling before undergoing the procedure. Women must receive accurate …Objectives To compare the subsequent fertility and risk of recurrence of an ectopic pregnancy (EP) in women who had had an EP, according to the type of surgical treatment they received—that is, salpingectomy, salpingostomy or tubal anastomosis. Methods A retrospective cohort study was carried out between January 2003 and September 2011 …May 4, 1996 ... women were followed for as long as 14 years after their operation. ... women would still be able to conceive a child after tubal sterilisation.If you have sex right before your period, it’s unlikely you’ll get pregnant, but it isn’t impossible. Since ovulation varies by a woman’s unique menstrual cycle, a woman could be f...Her tubal lengths were 3 and 3.5 cm. Many patients are concerned after reversal surgery when they are told they have tubal lengths less than 4 cm. Denita’s story of quick pregnancy success demonstrates pregnancy is possible after tubal reversal even with shorter length tubes. Submitted by Dr. Charles MonteithA UK research team reviewed the outcomes of 70 pregnancies after endometrial ablation. In this study, 31 of the 71 pregnancies identified were live born. Of these 31 live born pregnancies, 4 infants died and 31% were born before 37 weeks. One out of four patients had very adherent placentas. This review illustrates that pregnancy after ...I'm worried because I've read the stories too and see that there will be complications either way. My husband is laid off and we already have 3 children. ... i am trying to get pregnant after a tubal ligation signs of miscarriage after a tubal ligation preganancy after tubal Comments and reviews on article "Tubal ligation side effects"I've had two successful pregnancies with which I conceived easily and had a tubal ligation after the birth of my son. I've since remarried a man who has no children of his own and we're wanting to extend our current family. We're starting our first IVF cycle the beginning of January and I'm really wanting and hoping (like everyone I'm sure ...Being pregnant with hay fever can cause discomfort and distress, especially since you're already battling other symptoms that make you feel uncomfortable. Try our Symptom Checker G...Sep 17, 2020 ... This means that after 1 year of trying 75% of women should be able to get pregnant if the tubal anatomy was good and these other factors are all ...The most effective ways to prevent ectopic pregnancy after tubal ligation include: 1. Ensure Proper Tubal Ligation: The primary prevention is to ensure that your tubal ligation is performed correctly and effectively. Follow up with your healthcare provider to confirm the success of the procedure. 2.Mood change. Obviously, a bad mood could be caused by many things, but mood swings are one of the early signs of pregnancy, experienced as early as 3 weeks after conception. “Some people feel more irritable,” says Dr. Celestine. If you’re feeling anxious or depressed, you’re not alone.Pregnancy after Tubal Ligation – A Success Story from a 51-Year-Old Mother. April 14th, 2022 | Fertility, Infertility, IVF. A story was recently released by the …Dec 11, 2019 ... Your odds of getting pregnant after a tubal ligation procedure are between 1% to 3.7% and depend on factors like age and surgery type.A UK research team reviewed the outcomes of 70 pregnancies after endometrial ablation. In this study, 31 of the 71 pregnancies identified were live born. Of these 31 live born pregnancies, 4 infants died and 31% were born before 37 weeks. One out of four patients had very adherent placentas. This review illustrates that pregnancy after ...After a tubal reversal, you may also face a 2-7 percent higher than normal risk for ectopic pregnancy. This means an embryo has developed outside of your uterus. Pregnancy after tubal reversal. After you’ve taken at least 10 to 14 days to heal – and longer if you need it – you can resume sex. Pregnancy rates vary widely, depending on your ...Dec 16, 2023 · Pelvic or abdominal pain. Shoulder pain. Weakness or dizziness. The urge to defecate. Keep in mind that specific symptoms will vary by person, and the pain can come and go. A tubal pregnancy is life threatening and requires immediate treatment. The longer the fertilized egg continues to grow in the fallopian tube, the more likely it is for the ... Dec 16, 2023 · Pelvic or abdominal pain. Shoulder pain. Weakness or dizziness. The urge to defecate. Keep in mind that specific symptoms will vary by person, and the pain can come and go. A tubal pregnancy is life threatening and requires immediate treatment. The longer the fertilized egg continues to grow in the fallopian tube, the more likely it is for the ... November 18, 2023 | by 1andOnlyMish82. I found out this week that I am pregnant, blood HCG and 3 at home tests positive. I am 17 years post tubal ligation. Dr is fairly negative stating that it is most likely going to be a miscarriage, but all we can do now is wait and see.This blog for women having difficulty becoming pregnant explains what tubal flushing is and what research studies tell us about its effectiveness The ability of an intervention (for example a drug, surgery, or exercise) to produce a desired effect, such as reduce symptoms. and safety Refers to serious adverse effects, such as those that …Her tubal lengths were 3 and 3.5 cm. Many patients are concerned after reversal surgery when they are told they have tubal lengths less than 4 cm. Denita’s story of quick pregnancy success demonstrates pregnancy is possible after tubal reversal even with shorter length tubes. Submitted by Dr. Charles MonteithMay 24, 2018 · Mar 5, 2021 at 5:27 PM. I had my tubal reversal on 12/09/20. I got a BFP on January 1st! I was shocked with success during my first cycle. Unfortunately, I had a miscarriage at 6 weeks. I am now almost 7 weeks pregnant, my hcg is doubling in 48 hours and I have first ultrasound Wednesday. M.M. “I had got my tubes tied in 2011 and in 2015 got my reversal done with Dr.Mor I traveled to him from Seattle and was 100% satisfied with the service and care I received from him and his staff. It took me 1 year to conceive after my surgery. I got pregnant in 2016 and on January 1, 2016, we welcomed our tubal reversal baby boy.Request an Appointment. 410-955-5000 Maryland. 855-695-4872 Outside of Maryland. +1-410-502-7683 International. Find a Doctor. Tubal ligation is a permanent form of birth control in which a woman's fallopian tubes are tied or blocked. This keeps the egg and sperm from connecting and so prevents pregnancy.Natasha Brown suffered a life threatening ectopic pregnancy after being wrongly told her stomach pains were due to Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Tommy's guest blog, 13/10/2016, by Natasha Brown. Ectopic pregnancy occurs when the fertilised egg attaches itself somewhere outside of the womb and begins to grow. Not only does this end in the inevitable ...Random luck is the only way to get pregnant naturally after a surgeon cuts, ties, and burns your fallopian tubes. However, you cannot rely on chance alone because the success odds are very low. The overall ten-year failure rate of tubal ligation is 1.85%, which varies slightly by the type of sterilization procedure the surgeon uses.Pregnancy after Novasure and tubal ligation? I got my tubes tied, clipped and burnt in 2004, is there any chance of some type of tubal failure Is it possible to get pregnant after tubal ligation!? Pregnant after having tubes tied. i am trying to get pregnant after a tubal ligation I have to have my tubes removed but can I still get pregnantA healthy and viable pregnancy can only develop in your uterus. If it develops elsewhere it is not a viable pregnancy. 2% of all pregnancies are ectopic (very rare) and 98% of them happen in a fallopian tube. At this point I was in the 2% of the 2% in that my ectopic could not be found.ectopic.org.ukDisclaimer: A tubal/ectopic pregnancy carries serious risks. This is one woman’s experience and is a rare outcome. Nothing shared here replaces medical advice or reflects any other woman’s experiences or needs or outcomes. I wanted to be a mother from as far back as I can remember. But I suffered from an eating disorder and as such, I had ...However, according to ACOG [3] (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists), the chances of pregnancy after tubal ligation can range from 1.8% to 3.7% within the first 10 years after the surgery. To compare, while the highest percentage of failed tubal ligation is around 3.7%, taking birth control pills has a failure rate of 9%.According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the rate of pregnancy for women who have partial removal of their fallopian tubes is about 7.5 per 1,000. But there's no ...Medically reviewed by Amanda Williams, M.D., MPH, ob-gyn. Advertisement | page continues below. Show transcript. Learn all about pregnancy after sterilization, …Fertility 101. Getting Pregnant After a Tubal Ligation: With and Without a Reversal. By CNY Fertility Updated on January 12, 2021. Tags: fertility treatment …Women who breastfeed their babies may have a lower risk of early menopause. Trusted Health Information from the National Institutes of Health Women who have been pregnant or breast...Exercising during pregnancy can be a confusing subject. How much should you really be exercising if you’re pregnant? And how can you go about doing so in a safe and enjoyable way? ...The method your provider used is one possible factor. Each type of surgery tends to vary in terms of effectiveness. Some procedures may not have a long-term effect on your tubes. Sometimes a fallopian tube grows back after tubal litigation. As a result, there may be a chance you can still become pregnant afterward. Age can also play a role.Getting pregnant at 45 or after is in no way the same as getting pregnant in the 20s. A 30-year-old woman has a 20% chance of conceiving in any given month, which plummets to 5% for a 40-year-old ( 3 ). At 45, healthy pregnancy with your eggs comes down to 1%. Through IVF using donor eggs, the chances increase to 70 to 75%.Answer: If you want to have children after having your tubes "tied," there are two ways to do it. You can have in vitro fertilization (IVF) by getting the eggs from your ovaries, fertilizing them in the laboratory, and then placing the embryos in the uterus. No major surgery is required, but there are a lot of shots and visits.A Personal Choice Blog - This inspirational story of Dawne, A Personal Choice patient, who had tubal reversal surgery at the age of 45 and a successful, natural pregnancy at the age of 46 and just before her 47th birthday. Dawne provides a testimonial to all women miracles can happen even after the age of 45.Apr 27, 2009 · A Personal Choice Blog - This inspirational story of Dawne, A Personal Choice patient, who had tubal reversal surgery at the age of 45 and a successful, natural pregnancy at the age of 46 and just before her 47th birthday. Dawne provides a testimonial to all women miracles can happen even after the age of 45. M.M. “I had got my tubes tied in 2011 and in 2015 got my reversal done with Dr.Mor I traveled to him from Seattle and was 100% satisfied with the service and care I received from him and his staff. It took me 1 year to conceive after my surgery. I got pregnant in 2016 and on January 1, 2016, we welcomed our tubal reversal baby boy.For women under age 40, the success rate of a tubal reversal ranges from 40-80%, depending on the type of tubal ligation used. After age 40, the success rate for a tubal reversal drops to 25%. Women who’ve had only a small part of their fallopian tubes removed and women who’ve had their fallopian tubes blocked with rings or clips are more ...1. Sophie Fredericks became pregnant after a failed tubal ligation. While undergoing surgery, a fertilized egg had already left her fallopian tube but hadn't yet made it to her uterus. The New South Wales mom, along with her husband, decided that after three children their family was complete.November 18, 2023 | by 1andOnlyMish82. I found out this week that I am pregnant, blood HCG and 3 at home tests positive. I am 17 years post tubal ligation. Dr is fairly negative stating that it is most likely going to …Sorry that happened to you. One note though: tubal ligation does NOT raise the risk of ectopic pregnancy. It lowers the risk of any pregnancy at all. It just raises the proportional risk, that is, in the unlikely even of a pregnancy the odds are slightly higher that it is ectopic than it otherwise would have been. 45.Mar 17, 2014 · Courtesy Cynthia Williams. March 18, 2014 -- An Illinois woman is suing her doctor for "wrongful pregnancy,” claiming a botched tubal ligation led to the birth of a daughter with sickle cell ... Jan 27, 2022 · If you feel anything at all related to a tubal ligation, it’ll be a few uncomfortable post-op symptoms, including nausea, stomach pain, cramps, dizziness and gassiness or bloating. And while it’s uncommon to experience major complications after a tubal ligation, a few are possible, such as urinary tract infections and damage to blood vessels. Random luck is the only way to get pregnant naturally after a surgeon cuts, ties, and burns your fallopian tubes. However, you cannot rely on chance alone because the success odds are very low. The overall ten-year failure rate of tubal ligation is 1.85%, which varies slightly by the type of sterilization procedure the surgeon uses.

The method your provider used is one possible factor. Each type of surgery tends to vary in terms of effectiveness. Some procedures may not have a long-term effect on your tubes. Sometimes a fallopian tube grows back after tubal litigation. As a result, there may be a chance you can still become pregnant afterward. Age can also play a role.. Yocan flat mini instructions

stories of pregnancy after tubal

Yes, had it done during my c section. About 4 months or so later I ended up pregnant. Ended up miscarrying though. Got my tubes from out a few months after that. 3. BredforChaos. • 7 yr. ago. My good friend had a tubal ligation and her husband had a vasectomy and they STILL ended up having a little girl together. 2.The chances of this according to age are: Women under 28 – 5%. Women between 28 and 33 – 2%. Women 34 and over – 1%. Another study suggests that overall, fewer than one in 100 women will become pregnant following tubal ligation. This shows that as a form of birth control, tubal ligation, though not perfect, is highly effective.Fertility Options After Tubal Ligation Tubal Ligation Reversal Surgery: What to Know. Essentially, a tubal ligation reversal surgery is a reconnection of the cut or blocked areas of the fallopian tubes. With a successful outcome, a woman can achieve pregnancy naturally. Not to mention, success rates for tubal reversal are quite high.Mar 27, 2022 ... The only way you can get pregnant again with a tubal is via IVF. But I'd follow up with your dr.It depends on the health of your fallopian tubes. If you have at least one healthy fallopian tube, your chances of having a successful pregnancy in the future are very good. The majority of women (about 65%) are pregnant within 18 months of an ectopic pregnancy, with the figure rising above 80% over two years.Pregnancy after Novasure and tubal ligation? I got my tubes tied, clipped and burnt in 2004, is there any chance of some type of tubal failure Is it possible to get pregnant after tubal ligation!? Pregnant after having tubes tied. i am trying to get pregnant after a tubal ligation I have to have my tubes removed but can I still get pregnantectopic.org.ukYesterday after a run of about 3 weeks I finally wanted to rule out pregnancy. I had a tubal Ligation in May 2021 8 weeks after my 4th baby was born. My test came back positive as all get out.Nevertheless, pregnancies sometimes happen despite sterilization. The probability of this happening is extremely low. Only 1-3 in 1,000 women become pregnant every year after sterilization. Reasons for this are surgical mistakes or oversights. In rare cases, recanalization may occur: In women, the uterus and fallopian tubes reunite; in men, the ...The chances of getting pregnant after a tubal ligation due to failure of the procedure are also relatively low, but pregnancy does occur in some instances. A study of 10,000 women showed 143 sterilization failures during the study. While this equals only about 1.5%, it is still notable for a procedure generally considered permanent birth ...In an ectopic, or tubal, pregnancy, a fertilized egg grows outside of the uterus. It can be dangerous for the mother. Know the symptoms to watch for. The uterus, or womb, is the pl...Jun 22, 2017 · An estimated 1 out of every 200 women will become pregnant after tubal ligation. Tubal ligation can increase your risk of an ectopic pregnancy. This is where a fertilized egg implants in... Pregnancy after tubal ligation - stories? So, I had my 3rd baby in May and she was a surprise baby. I have suffered hg with each pregnancy and had to have caesareans for each of them due to a very traumatic labour and birth with my first. Because of all this I decided to have my tubes tied when they took #3 out.Additionally, results are known the same month after the procedure, whereas pregnancy after tubal ligation reversal may take up to one to two years. For couples with other male or female fertility issues, other than permanent sterilization, IVF demonstrates higher success rates than tubal ligation reversal alone. Discuss in vitro fertilization ...A tubal ligation reversal reconnects or reopens your tubes, creating a passageway for eggs and sperm to unite so that conception can occur. It reverses a tubal ligation, allowing you to become pregnant again. Tubal ligation reversal is also called tubal reversal, tubal sterilization reversal and tubal reanastomosis. Advertisement.IVF – How to Get Pregnant After a Tubal Ligation Without a Reversal. As mentioned, IVF is a common fertility treatment and one of the ways you can get pregnant after having your “tubes tied.”. IVF offers the highest odds of pregnancy each month of any technology or treatment available with the chance of getting pregnant as high as 50 or ...Jun 1, 2023. Welcome to a collection of true stories that defy the odds and challenge our understanding of reproductive biology. In this article, we will explore the remarkable …Jun 1, 2023 · Welcome to a collection of true stories that defy the odds and challenge our understanding of reproductive biology. In this article, we will explore the remarkable experiences of women who have… .

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